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第3巻
中澤 篤史 Atsushi Nakazawa学校運動部活動の戦後史（上）―実態と政策の変遷―
A postwar history of extracurricular sport activities in Japan (1):focusing on the transition of the actual situation and policy
2011年08月 発行
[ 要旨 ]
本研究の目的は、中学・高校の運動部活動の戦後史を、終戦直後から2000年代までを対象に、実態・政策・議論の変遷と関係に注目しながら記述することである。
日本の学校教育には運動部活動がある。学校は教科教育だけではなく、教育課程に含まれない活動でありながら、運動部活動としてスポーツの機会も用意する。教師は授業だけでなく、たとえスポーツの経験が無い場合でさえも、運動部活動の指導や運営を担当する。このように日本では、一見すると教育とは無関係に思われるスポーツを教育活動として編成してきた。しかし、運動部活動が日本ほど大規模に成立している国は、他に無い。つまり、運動部活動の大規模な成立状況が示唆しているのは、スポーツと教育の日本特殊的関係である。本研究は、そうしたスポーツと教育の日本特殊的関係がいかにして構築されてきたのかを探究する一環として、学校運動部活動の戦後史を描く。
本研究前半部分にあたる本稿は、目的と方法について述べた後、実態と政策の変遷を記述した。
[ Abstract ]
The aim of this study is to describe the postwar history of extracurricular sport activities in Japan by focusing on the transition of and relations between the actual situation, policy and discourse.
In many countries, youth sport is centered around community clubs outside of school, but in Japan there is a system of extracurricular sport activities affiliated with the school, in which many students participate. Japanese schools not only offer curricula according to the government's course of study, but also set extracurricular sport activities. Japanese teachers not only teach students inside the classroom, but also manage extracurricular sport activities outside the classroom. This system of extracurricular sport activities is a distinctive aspect of the Japanese school education and differs from systems in foreign countries.
Previous Japanese studies in English have paid much attention to this distinction. These studies have 1) emphasized the uniqueness (Cummings, Education and equality in Japan, 1980; Rohlen, Japan's high schools, 1983), 2) clarified the functions of socialization (Cave, 2004, "Bukatsudo" in Journal of Japanese studies 30-2, 2004) and 3) described the prewar history in the Meiji-period (Roden, Schooldays in imperial Japan, 1980; Blackwood, "Bushido baseball?" in Social science Japan journal 11-2, 2008). However, they have neither clarified how the system itself was established nor how it expanded. This is why we need to understand these processes. As such, this study tries to describe to the postwar history of extracurricular sport activities by addressing the following questions:
How has the actual situation changed over the years?
What kinds of policies have been implemented?
What sorts of discourse have been constructed?
How have these policies and discourse affected the transition of the actual situation?
By working through these questions, this study describes the process of how Japanese extracurricular sport activities were established and expanded from 1945 to date.
In order to do so this study employs a number of historical documents. The documents regarding the actual situation were gathered from survey materials conducted by the national administrative agency, that is to say the Ministry of Education (Monbushō). The documents regarding policy were gathered from the Course of Study (Gakushū sidō yōryō ), government memos and the Health and Physical Education Commission (Hoken taiiku shingikai). The documents regarding discourse were gathered from approximately 1,300 articles in five Japanese physical education journals.
This study is a two-volume work. The early part of this study focuses on the transition of the actual situation and policy.