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最新論文
成澤 雅寛 Masahiro Narisawa高校段階における学科の種別が賃金に与える影響
The Impact of Academic and Vocational Tracks on Wage Levels
2025年07月 発行
[ 要旨 ]
近年、若年層の雇用不安定化への対策として、職業教育の重要性が世界各国で強調されている。日本においても、これまで職業教育の中心的役割を果たしてきた職業高校は、非正規雇用や無職といった不安的雇用を回避するうえで、有益な効果を持つとされてきた。その一方で、職業科卒者は高校階層構造上、相対的に下位に位置付けられ、地位達成の点では不利な層と見なされてきた。しかし、すべての職業科卒者が一様に不利とは限らず、学科によっては有利となる可能性もある。にもかかわらず、職業学科卒者の賃金に関する情報は、公的統計においてさえ十分に整備されておらず、現時点では職業教育の価値を実証的に評価することはもちろん、職業科卒者の平均賃金すら明らかではないのが実情である。そこで、本稿では、高校段階における学科別の賃金差を明らかにし、職業科卒者は普通科高卒者および高等教育卒者に比べて賃金的に不利なのかどうかを検討した。分析の結果、以下の２点が示された。（１）高卒就職に限れば、工業科および農業／水産科卒者は、普通科卒者よりも賃金が高いこと、（２）高卒工業科卒者は、普通科非銘柄大学卒者よりも高い賃金を得ている、ということがわかった。ただし、これらの効果は、性別構成の差異に起因している可能性が高く、職業教育自体の因果効果であるとは直ちには言えない。したがって、職業教育が賃金に有効であると結論づけるには、一定の留保を伴う慎重な解釈が求められる。
[ Abstract ]
In recent years, the importance of vocational education has been emphasized in many countries to address employment instability among the youth. Additionally, vocational education is believed to prevent unemployment in this demographic. However, it tends to occupy a lower position in the educational hierarchy, with vocational education graduates facing disadvantages in terms of status and wages. While it is possible that graduates of vocational tracks may sometimes earn higher wages, the unavailability of such information renders the overall value of vocational education doubtful. This study therefore examines wage differentials across high school tracks and investigates whether graduates of vocational tracks are disadvantaged in terms of earnings compared to graduates of general academic high schools and higher education institutions.
The findings are as follows: First, the wages of vocational education graduates in industrial and agricultural areas were higher than those of regular high school graduates, although this difference was not significant. Second, the wages of vocational education graduates in industrial areas were higher than those of graduates of low-level academic universities, with significant gender effects. This indicates that acquiring skills through vocational education does not necessarily improve wages, as certain other factors are also involved. The results of the analysis did not yield evidence supporting the notion that human capital increases earnings.
There are several possible reasons why vocational education does not have the desired impact on wages. First, vocational education graduates may not have acquired the skills necessary for their profession. Second, there is the possibility that vocational education is not highly valued by some companies, in which case they are likely to pay lower wages. Thirdly, the skills acquired through vocational education may become obsolete or unnecessary, due to technological advancements. Finally, while vocational education may have a certain level of effectiveness, gender tracking may offset its positive impact.
Keywords: Vocational Track, Academic Track, Wages, Human capital