|
 |
第15巻
牧野 望実 Nozomi Makino笠間藩における藩主代替り儀礼の過程
Ritual Process to Change the Feudal Lord in Kasama Domain
2023年10月 発行
[ 要旨 ]
近世国家において儀礼は、権威を維持するためのシステムとして機能したと評価されており、その遂行過程を分析することは、近世武家社会構造の一端を示す上で重要と考える。中でも代替り儀礼は、幕府の重職に就く家柄の大名が如何にして幕府の政治組織に参入していったのか解明する糸口になると推測するが、このような観点から論じられている先行研究は管見の限りない。
本稿では文化一四（一八一六）年に笠間藩牧野家が行った代替り儀礼の過程とその後の新藩主の動向について検討することで、前述の課題について追究していきたい。なお、今回取り上げる笠間藩牧野家は笠間藩へ入封後、若年で相続し夭折した貞一・貞勝・貞久の三代を除き、奏者番や大坂城代、京都所司代、老中などに就任しており、幕政の中枢を担う家柄であった。
牧野家は藩主代替りへ向けた道程の中で、近親・同姓の者、同席（雁之間）・同役（奏者番）の者、幕府関係者である坊主衆などへ、願書の添削や式典へ藩主の名代（代理人）として参加することなど、儀礼に伴う様々な作業への協力を依頼していた。さらに、坊主衆や同席の者とは、代替り後も交際を継続する旨の確認をとっていた。交際を継続した坊主衆は、代替り後に新藩主が行う家督相続儀礼の予行練習や手続き方法の指導、幕府の役人と行う予行練習の日程調整、儀礼時や公務の際には新藩主の世話をした。また、同席の者の内「御心添之御方様」と協力関係を結んでいた。雁之間詰大名は詰衆としての公務を担うが、牧野家の新藩主は業務内容や作法について不案内のため「御心添之御方様」の一人へ指導役を依頼していた。
このように新藩主は、儀礼や公務を大過なく遂行するために、坊主衆や同席の者から様々な支援を受けていた。前代藩主の持つ人脈は新藩主が幕府の政治組織に円滑に参入し、その役割を全うしていくために欠かせないものであった。
[ Abstract ]
Rituals have commonly functioned as a system for maintaining authority in early modern nations. It is important to analyze the processes of ritual performances to fully understand the social structure of the early modern samurais. In this paper, I elucidate the process through which daimyo entered the organization of the shogunate. An examination of alternate rituals can provide clues on this issue; however, to the best of my knowledge, no paper has considered this aspect.
In this paper, I examine the process through which daimyo entered the organization of the shogunate based on the progress of alternate rituals held by the Makino family of the Kasama domain in 1816 and the movement of the new feudal lord in the administrative structure of the shogunate. After entering the Kasama domain, the Makino family played a central role in the government of the shogunate. For example, the Makino family assumed positions such as Sojaban, Osaka-Jodai, Kyoto-Shoshidai, and Roju. However, Sadakazu, Sadanori, and Sadahisa, who died young after inheriting the title of daimyo, did not fill these roles.
In the process of becoming feudal lords, the Makino family asked their close relatives—people with the same surname, who shared the same seat (Gannoma), who played the same roles (Sojaban), or who were related to the shogunate (Bozushu)—to cooperate in various tasks associated with the rituals, such as correcting applications and participating in rituals as representatives (agents) of the feudal lord.
In fact, the Makino family continued to associate with Bozushu and Gannoma even after the old and new feudal lords were replaced. The new feudal lord learned the rituals of succession from the head of the family, Bozushu, who continued to associate with him. Bozushu coordinated the rehearsal schedule with the officials of the shogunate and assisted the new feudal lord during rituals and official duties. The Makino family in particular formed a cooperative relationship with trustworthy Gannoma, and the new feudal lord asked Gannoma to serve as his instructors because he himself was unfamiliar with official duties and manners.
In this way, the new feudal lord received support from Bozushu and Gannoma in performing his rituals and official duties without any major errors. The personal connections of his predecessor were indispensable for each new feudal lord to smoothly enter and fulfill his role in the political organization of the shogunate.