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第14巻
宮崎 早季 Saki Miyazaki太平洋戦争下ハワイでのアメリカ軍による日系市民の強制退去―立ち退き者の語りから見るハワイ日系人の戦時経験―
The Forcible Eviction of the Japanese in Hawaiʻi during the Pacific War: Narratives of the Evictees
2022年03月 発行
[ 要旨 ]
第二次世界大戦期に太平洋の要所として軍備が拡大されたハワイでは、アメリカ本土から大量の兵士が流入したことにより人口変化が起きた。さらに、軍施設の拡大により近隣住民が自宅を追われることとなった。特に日系住民でアメリカ軍により立ち退きを命じられた者は、補償金も代替地も与えられず家を追い出された。日系住民の補償のない立ち退きは、日系コミュニティの中でも知られていない出来事であった。1988年の「市民の自由法」によって、第二次世界大戦期に収容・抑留をされていた者に謝罪と補償が与えられることが決まると、それまで知られていなかった立ち退きの経験が明らかとなった。1991年以降、立ち退きを経験した者にも謝罪と補償が与えようとする活動が始まった。1998年に「市民の自由法」による補償金の支払い期限を迎えると、徐々に立ち退き経験から世間の注目が外れ、今日ハワイにおける収容や抑留経験の研究が続けられる一方、立ち退きの経験に関する研究は見られない。本稿では、立ち退き経験とはいかなるものであったかをオーラルヒストリー資料などから明らかにし、ハワイ日系人の戦時強制退去・収容・抑留経験の、より正確な全体像の把握を試みる。
[ Abstract ]
This thesis collates and explores the oral history narratives of the Japanese in Hawaiʻi who were evicted from their houses due to the military expansion of the Hawaiian Islands during the Pacific War. These residents did not receive any monetary compensation at the time of their forcible eviction, and in most cases had no place to go to. In the 1990s, each such individual was able to receive an official apology letter and $20,000, the same as former Japanese internees in the US, thanks to the tremendous efforts of the Japanese American Citizen League (JACL), Honolulu. The stories of the evictions gained public attention when JACL Honolulu was working to provide redress to these people. However, these stories are still not well represented in the recent efforts of organizations and scholars to collect personal wartime narratives and facilitate the inclusion of the wartime experience of the Japanese in Hawaiʻi. Oral history interviews with the evictees reveal that they compare their experiences with those of the Japanese internees in Hawaiʻi, hence proving how trivialized the evictee experience has been in popular imagination. This brings into light the following questions: has the increased attention on this subject after the success of the redress illustrated a whole new picture of the wartime experience of the Japanese? Does not the master narrative of the incarceration of the Japanese that was created during the redress efforts only depict the life behind the barbed wire? This thesis argues that the master narrative effectively silences people who had a different wartime experience than the internees. In other words, the inclusion of the narratives of the evicted Japanese residents would allow us to examine a more detailed picture of the wartime experience of the Japanese. How they look back on their experiences today would facilitate the important process of collecting personal accounts and reforming historical narratives.