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第7巻
町村 敬志、佐藤 圭一、辰巳 智行、菰田 レエ也、金 知榮、金 善美、陳 威志 Takashi Machimura, Keiichi Satoh, Tomoyuki Tatsumi, Reeya Komoda, JiYoung Kim, Sunmee Kim, Ui-chi Tan3.11以後における「脱原発運動」の多様性と重層性 ――福島第一原発事故後の全国市民団体調査の結果から――
Diversified Background of the “Anti-nuclear Movement” After the Fukushima Accident: Results of a Nation-wide Survey of Civic Groups in Japan
2015年03月 発行
[ 要旨 ]
2011年の福島第一原発事故以降、日本では原発をめぐる市民の幅広い運動が全国規模で急激に発生してきた。運動を支えたのはどのような主体か。活動はどのような時間的・空間的広がりをもっていたのか。個別事例の紹介はあったものの、運動の全体像を全国規模で調査に基づき検証する試みはまれであった。筆者らは、福島第一原発事故以降、原発・エネルギー問題に何らかの形で取り組んだ市民活動団体を対象とする全国規模の質問紙調査を2013年２～３月に実施した（送付数904、回収数326、回収率36.1％）。これに加え、全国でインタビュー調査を実施した。その結果、次の点が明らかとなった。第１に、「脱原発運動」としばしば一括される運動のなかにはきわめて多様な団体による活動が含まれていた。第２に、これら団体の活動内容や原発への態度には、結成時期、事務所の所在地（とくに福島第一原発からの距離）、成員の属性、そして運動文化などに基づく、分岐が実際には存在していた。第３に、そうした差異を伴いながら、異なる団体の間には共通課題の優先設定や対立点の回避など一体性の維持に向けたさまざまな回路が用意されていた。要約すると、異なる取り組み方を持つ団体が共存することによって原発・エネルギーに関わる諸課題には新たな連接が生まれ、そのことが今回の脱原発運動に対して、全国的規模で長期間活動を持続することを可能にする多様で重層的な基盤を用意した。
[ Abstract ]
After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011, Japan witnessed a sudden upsurge in anti-nuclear social movements and various types of civic activities related to nuclear accidents and nuclear energy issues. These social movements and civic activities included mass demonstrations calling for the shutdown of the nuclear power plants, support for evacuees in the disaster-stricken area, gauging radioactive substances by themselves, and many other activities. Although many individual cases of such activities were reported, almost no research has been done before on who was the agent behind the movements and how the movements and activities as a whole have progressed geographically and chronologically in Japan. In order to give a broad picture of the movements, we conducted a nation-wide survey during February and March 2013 of various types of civic groups that were active on the above nuclear-related issues. We received responses from 326 out of 904 groups (response rate: 36.1%). We also interviewed different types of civic groups country-wide. From these studies, we found that, first, the so-called “anti-nuclear social movements” consist of diverse types of groups and organizations. Second, there are cleavages among those groups and organizations based on their activities and their attitudes towards anti-nuclear issues, based on the year of their foundation, the location of the office (the distance from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant), the attributes of their members, and the organizational culture. In spite of these differences, some tactics such as setting priorities on particular issues they could agree upon and avoiding contentious topics made it possible for those organizations to keep their integrity as “a movement” to some extent. In sum, the coexistence of the different groups and organizations linked the broad range of nuclear-related issues in a relatively new way. This new linkage provided the more diversified background for the activities, which enabled the movements to continue to sustain themselves energetically nation-wide.