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第7巻
森 啓輔 Keisuke Mori占領下社会運動における「環境保護」フレーミングの可能性と課題 ――沖縄県国頭村伊部岳実弾射撃演習阻止闘争を事例に――
Evaluating Environmental Preservation Framing on Okinawa under US Military Occupation: A Social Movement Case Study on the Kunigami Ibudake Struggle
2015年07月 発行
[ 要旨 ]
第二次大戦後、米軍占領下において海兵隊北部訓練場が沖縄本島北部に位置する国頭村と東村に跨がり造られた。北部訓練場における海兵隊の訓練は、周辺集落の土地と人々をも動員しながら続けられてきており、そのためこれら地域は継続的に新たな基地建設に直面せざるを得ない状況にあった。だが、そこは同時に、対抗する住民運動が闘われてきた場所でもあった。なぜ運動は生起したのか。運動の「成功」にもかかわらず、なぜ基地建設は継続されたのか。そして、困難を抱えながらなぜ運動は対抗ヘゲモニー政治の担い手であり続けたのか。本論はこの系譜の嚆矢的出来事である伊部岳実弾射撃演習阻止闘争を対象に、米軍基地に抗する住民運動を社会学的視点、とりわけフレーミング分析の観点から考察する。「復帰」前夜の同時代において運動の背後には、いかなる力関係がひしめき合っていたのか。伊部岳闘争はこれまで、住民の視点や環境運動の視点から記述されてきたが、当時の占領下の法制度的状況という背景無しでは十全に考察することはできない。本論ではこれを踏まえ、占領下の伊部岳闘争がいかにして諸運動フレームを創り出し、それらを架橋・増幅させながら運動を展開したのかを、当時の文脈において環境保護のフレーミングが持つ可能性と課題を詳細に検討することで考察する。
[ Abstract ]
From the sociological perspective, this paper critically examines a framing of the environmental preservation movement on Okinawa Island, resulting from US military occupation (1945–1972) and the anti-US military struggle within Kunigami village. The village is located on the northernmost part of Okinawa Island and covered by bountiful forests; however, because it has become one of the more depopulated areas on Okinawa Island, I am using it as my case study. After World War II, Okinawa was under the US Military occupation. In 1957, the Northern Training Area (NTA) was established and continues to be used as a jungle warfare-training zone for US Marines. Some military training, particularly in the 1960s, even mobilized soldiers out of the base area and displaced many local people. The local people who remain have faced continuous military demands and additional base constructions, resulting in successive anti-military movements from the1970s to the present.
The Kunigami Ibudake Struggle was a pioneering resistance movement by the local residents that lasted from December 1970 to March 1971. During this period, Okinawan people vehemently opposed US acts of militarism such as Anti-Vietnam War Movements, Koza Incident, Zengunro Strikes (Labor Union of US Military Base on Okinawa), and Red Hat Problems. The local people contested the military’s presence because of the possibility of forest resource destruction, and, as a result, their livelihoods, which are primarily based on the forest industry. At the same time, forests inside the NTA, where the local residents remain, have been adequately managed and protected. Thus, people insisted on their right to protect all forestry (and their livelihoods) on the island. Despite residents’ opposition, US Marines continued to build new bases in this area. The local people, therefore, opposed the construction by staging direct actions of resistance.
This paper also analyzes the various responses of the US Marines and United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) to the Ibudake Struggle by using official archives and regional histories in order to examine their political positions. By doing so, I aim to clarify how the success of villagers’ direct actions and successive environmental preservation movements have been interpreted by US military forces and USCAR.